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Bestselling author Dan Ariely reveals fascinating new insights into motivation—showing that the subject is far more complex than we ever imagined.
Every day we work hard to motivate ourselves, the people we live with, the people who work for and do business with us. In this way, much of what we do can be defined as being “motivators.” From the boardroom to the living room, our role as motivators is complex, and the more we try to motivate partners and children, friends and coworkers, the clearer it becomes that the story of motivation is far more intricate and fascinating than we’ve assumed.
Payoff investigates the true nature of motivation, our partial blindness to the way it works, and how we can bridge this gap. With studies that range from Intel to a kindergarten classroom, Ariely digs deep to find the root of motivation—how it works and how we can use this knowledge to approach important choices in our own lives. Along the way, he explores intriguing questions such as: Can giving employees bonuses harm productivity? Why is trust so crucial for successful motivation? What are our misconceptions about how to value our work? How does your sense of your mortality impact your motivation?
- Sales Rank: #575 in Books
- Published on: 2016-11-15
- Released on: 2016-11-15
- Original language: English
- Dimensions: 7.00" h x .70" w x 5.00" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 128 pages
About the Author
Dan Ariely, James B. Duke Professor of Psychology and Behavioral Economics at Duke University, is a founding member of the Center for Advanced Hindsight. He is the author of Payoff and the New York Times bestsellers Predictably Irrational, The Upside of Irrationality, and The Honest Truth About Dishonesty.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Payoff 1 How to Destroy Motivation, or: Work as a Prison Movie Why it’s astonishingly easy to demotivate someone
Life is never made unbearable by circumstances, but only by lack of meaning and purpose.
—Viktor E. Frankl
A few years ago, I was invited to speak about the topic of decision making to a group of a few hundred engineers at a big Seattle-based software firm. During the years before I met them, the mandate for this carefully recruited, experienced, and brainy bunch had been to create something fabulously innovative that would become the next big thing for this staid software company.
The engineers dove into the challenge with enthusiasm. They conducted tons of research. They built an almost-working prototype. They were all proud of their work, having spent long hours—including evenings and weekends away from their families—to make this awesome thing happen. They believed their invention would transform their company and make it the innovation giant it should have been.
After a short introduction, I started talking about some research that I was working on. I began by describing a set of experiments that Emir Kamenica (a professor at the University of Chicago), Drazen Prelec (a professor at MIT), and I had carried out—studies that unexpectedly resonated with the engineers.4
In these experiments, we asked participants to build some Lego Bionicles. These are marvelously weird Lego creatures that kids can creatively assemble in many different ways. We picked Bionicles as the object of our investigation because the joy of Lego is almost universal across cultures and ages, and because building with them resembles, at least conceptually, the creative process that is so central to innovation in the workplace.
We divided the participants into two different conditions. We offered the participants in one group $2 for the first Bionicle they built. We told them that at the end of the experiment, we would disassemble the Bionicles, put the pieces back in the box, and use the same Bionicle parts for the next participant. The participants seemed perfectly happy with this process.
After these participants assembled their first Bionicle, we placed their completed creations under the table for later disassembly. We then asked: “Would you like to build another one, this time for eleven cents less, for $1.89?” If the person said yes, we gave him another one, and when they finished that one, we asked, “Do you want to build another?” this time for $1.78, another for $1.67, and so on. At some point, the participants said, “No more. It’s not worth it for me.” On average, participants in this condition built eleven Bionicles for a total take-home pay of a bit more than $14.
The participants in the second condition were promised the same amount of money per Bionicle, so they had the same financial incentive. But this time, as soon as they finished building a Bionicle and started working on the next one, we began disassembling their completed Bionicle. Right before their eyes. Once we finished undoing their work, we placed the parts back in the box.
The first group built their Bionicles in what we called the “meaningful” condition, so called because they were allowed to feel that they had completed their work satisfactorily. We called the second condition the “Sisyphic” condition—named after the ancient Greek story about Sisyphus, who was condemned by the gods to roll a boulder up a hill only to have it roll down again and again for eternity. Those in the Sisyphic condition managed to build an average of seven Bionicles—four fewer than those in the “meaningful” condition.
As I described this experiment to the engineers, I added that we also looked at individual differences in terms of Lego love. Some people are naturally enthusiastic about building Bionicles, while others not so much. We wanted to see how this individual difference translated to productivity. In the meaningful condition, some participants were unenthusiastic about making Bionicles, so they made fewer of them. In contrast, those who loved making these creations were happy to assemble them for relatively small amounts of money. Basically, people who loved the task kept on going because they enjoyed the process and found meaning in it. (Of course, we weren’t talking about Meaning with a capital M. These folks weren’t curing cancer or building bridges; they were building plastic toys, and they understood that their creatures would be taken apart quite soon.)
But here’s what was so interesting: In the Sisyphic condition, we discovered that there was no relationship between the internal joy of making Bionicles and productivity. Those who weren’t terribly excited about Bionicles created about seven of them—the same number as those who loved building them. In general, we should expect that those who love Bionicles would build more of them, but by dismantling their creations right before their eyes, we crushed any joy that the Bionicle-loving participants could get out of this otherwise fun activity.
As I was describing these results, one of the chief engineers stopped me. “We completely understand the experiment you’re talking about,” he said, “because we’ve all just been part of the Sisyphic condition.”
They all nodded in sorrowful agreement. The chief engineer continued talking. “Last week, our CEO told us that our project was canceled, that the whole initiative was going to be scrapped, and that soon we would be assigned to other projects.”
Up to that point, I had wondered why the people sitting in front of me were so lethargic and depressed. Now I understood.
“Your situation,” I told them, “is also the way that some movies depict breaking the spirit of prisoners. Does anyone here remember the famous prison-yard scene from the movie The Last Castle?”
Several people nodded. In the movie, Robert Redford plays the role of Eugene Irwin, a court-martialed three-star lieutenant general who is sentenced to ten years in prison. Soon after he is imprisoned, he challenges the warden over the bad treatment of prisoners and is punished for insubordination. His punishment is to move enormous rocks from one side of the prison yard to another. The task is so daunting that many of the prisoners think he will pass out before finishing; others cheer him on. After hours of back-breaking work, Irwin manages a final push of energy. He pulls up the last huge rock, carries it across the yard, and drops it triumphantly onto the pile. The prisoners go wild. It looks like a happy ending—until a few seconds later when the warden tells the prisoner he’s not finished with the job and orders him to put the rocks back.
Most helpful customer reviews
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
A great formula to thrive in our complex world!!! Dan Ariely offers a incredibly motivational mesaage in a tiny package.
By Krishna Pendyala
A book that truly touches your soul. I have respected and enjoyed Dan's work for years and did attribute some of his motivation to his accident. Only today, after reading Payoff, was I able to fully appreciate the magnitude of its influence on his life's work.
Not only is the message strong, the presentation is absolutely compelling. I had come back home after getting a haircut and noticed a small package at the door which I opened to find a copy of Payoff. I stood in the driveway and started to read it. I could not put it down. As my legs began to get tired, I went to the backyard, sat on the deck and continued reading.
A hour later, my wife noticed my car in the driveway and came looking for me and wondered what I was up to. Given that my life involved a painful accident followed by years of slow and frustrating recovery, this book spoke to me at a very different level. I finished it in one sitting. Thank you Dan for writing a 103 page book :-)
My hope is that each of you will read this book and gain the insights without having to go through the painful experiences yourself. That has been my mission in life, but it doesn't seem to work very often. I pray that more people will learn from other people's experiences.
Dan Ariely has done an amazing job with Payoff and I wish that many people will use it to achieve peace and joy in their lives.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
A Short, Interesting, Ted-Talk, Quick Read about Motivation That Makes You Think
By Kristin J. Arnold
As a general rule, I read just about any book or article written by Dan Ariely. So I was thrilled when I heard about his latest book, Payoff: the Hidden Logic That Shapes Our Motivations. So I pre-ordered it from Amazon and low and behold, it arrived on the day it was published. Interestingly enough, it was published by TEDBooks, an arm of the TEDTalks franchise. (Brilliant business model….extend the life of a TED Talk through a single focus/message book!)
So PAYOFF is based on Ariely’s October 2012 TED Talk, “What Makes Us Feel Good About Our Work?”. It really is a mash-up of previous writings, but I’ll forgive that for now. Payoff is a quick read (2 hours tops – precisely halfway from PHX to EWR), and gives you just enough sense to recognize that motivation is not as straightforward as we would like it to be.
Ariely has a unique gift to blend the academic with rhetoric, providing compelling stories that grab the readers’ attention. His ultimate premise? (Spoiler alert: “To motivate ourselves and others successfully, we need to provide a sense of connection and meaning – remembering that meaning is not always synonymous with personal happiness.”)
It’s the road that leads us to this conclusion that is worth reading – as well as the impact of his words. Within the story, he talks about a group of engineers who were motivated to work on an intense project, only to have the proverbial tablecloth pulled from them. What happens to motivation? Or when a mother calls to have Ariely visit her burn-victim son facing similar challenges he himself faced as a young man. Where’s the motivation to go relive that experience and talk to him?
It’s a compelling short novel-talk that gives you far more insight into what motivates and de-motivates a friend, a family member, a co-worker, or a boss; (hint: it’s not money), and what DOES motivate them. And that’s worth two hours of your time (to read….although to process, it might take a bit more!)
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
The Paradox of Motivation
By Chris Thompson
What motivates people to do the things they do? As a life and success coach, I've been fascinated by this question for many years.
While most people think money, prestige and status are powerful sources of motivation, the the findings revealed by Dan Ariely in this wonderful and short book are quite different and counter intuitive.
It turns out that "uncountable" things like appreciation, connection and recognition are the primary sources of motivation for most people. Money, quite surprisingly, in many instances will cause people to lose their motivation.
This is a great read which I recommend highly.
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